Antecipando o CO2 em 2050
Clima e Energia
| This chart is a reproduction of a chart from Edison Electric Institute (EEI) that has been used to suggest that EPA's regulatory timeline is unworkable - see http://www.eei.org/meetings/Meeting%20Documents/EPA-CAAUtilityRegTimelin.... WRI has identified four categories of EPA activities on the EEI timeline that are potentially misleading: (Blue X's) Rules that have been remanded or vacated by court decisions that do not impose compliance obligations. |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| Steel production accounted for nearly 17 percent of China's primary energy use in 2008. Compared to developed countries' steel producers, China's steel sector has much higher primary energy intensity. This higher intensity can be explained by heavy reliance on coal, relatively higher iron alloy production, lower waste energy recovery, smaller scale of equipment, lower conversion efficiency of steam and oxygen, and relatively poor material quality (Huang 2008; Tsinghua Study 2009). |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| A majority of turbines erected in China are small, with 600–850 kW turbines accounting for 80 percent of the market share. In 2006 the average size of turbines in China was 830 kW, compared to 1634 kW in Germany, 1634 kW in the United States, and 1100 kW in Spain. Today, the United States is developing 10 MW turbines, while China just tested 3 MW turbines. |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| Due to constant technological improvement as well as enabling policies, worldwide installed wind power capacity has risen rapidly, from about 14 GW in 1999 to 158 GW in 2009, of which the United States and Germany accounted for approximately 41 percent. The 158 GW installed capacity was estimated to generate 340 terawatthours (TWh) electricity and save 204 million tons of CO2 in 2009 (Sawyer 2010). |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| Coal consistently contributes to over 75 percent of electricity in China (China Bureau of Statistics 2009). To meet its ever growing demands for electricity, China has seen rapid growth of coal-fired power generation. From 2003 to 2009 the country more than doubled its coal-fired generation capacity, making its fleet the largest in the world. However, the fuel consumption per unit of electricity generated during this period has steadily decreased. The use of supercritical/ultrasupercritical technology has significantly contributed to the improvement of energy efficiency. |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| This chart is an adaptation based upon an original chart from Edison Electric Institute (EEI) - see http://www.eei.org/meetings/Meeting%20Documents/EPA-CAAUtilityRegTimelin.... The original EEI chart has been used to suggest that EPA's regulatory timeline is unworkable. However, as illustrated in http://www.earthtrendsdelivered.org/node/406, the original chart consists mostly of procedural events and activities that will not impose a direct compliance obligation on power plants. This chart shows a more accurate picture of the timeline for new requirements applicable to electric power plants. |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| In the past two decades China has emerged from a technology importer to a major manufacturer of a number of low-carbon technologies. China's government R&D appropriations have increased dramatically, from 43.9 billion Yuan (US$6.8 billion) in 1998 to 254 billion Yuan (US$39 billion) in 2008. Accordingly, three other measures—gross R&D expenditure, R&D intensity, and government science and technology (S&T) appropriations—have also enjoyed rapid growth. |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
Factbook OCDE 2010
DC Factbook 2010 é um excelente relatório estatístico que cobre uma variadíssima gama de temas de interesse para a Geografia, seja no domínio da população, do ambiente, da economia, do desenvolvimento, da energia, e de muitas outras áreas.
Recursos renováveis
Esta empresa de informação sobre recursos renováveis apresenta um conjunto de recursos cartográficos de interesse, que ilustram o potencial das energias renováveis em todo o mundo, entre os quais se contam posters sobre radiação solar e velocidade do vento.Para download, aqui.
Qual é o da minha casa?
Bairro de Karrada (Bagdad, Iraque)
A utopia tem nome
A Associação Dinamarquesa das Indústrias Eólicas tem no seu sítio um conjunto de páginas de informação, imagens e animações, subordinadas à sua fonte de energia e de rendimento - o vento. Apesar de estar escrito em castelhano, não deixa de ser um bom recurso para ser consultado. Em particular este mapa eólico da Europa.
Na mesma página, a interpretação da informação constante neste mapa, bastante útil para se compreender a geografia eólica europeia.
Como funcionam as centrais eléctricas
Energias renováveis
Acabado de ser publicado, em Janeiro deste ano, o REN21 é um sítio dedicado exclusivamente às energias renováveis, com imensos recursos disponíveis para consulta. De entre estes, destaco o mapa interactivo que pode ser encontrado aqui. O vídeo ajuda à utilização do sítio.
Mapas e gráficos sobre energia e clima
| In addition to being important for human health, access to an improved water source is indicative of the state of a country's overall physical infrastructure. Access to improved water provides a buffer against climate change and variability, especially in countries which are prone to drought. Populations with access to improved water are also less at risk of contracting water borne diseases. In many countries, women are responsible for collecting water. As water sources diminish because of climate change, they will have to walk farther to collect water, leaving less time for other economic and cultural activities. | |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| Over 50 percent of all China's coal is used in the electric power industry. This electricity powers mainly industry but also households and the service sector. | |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| Digital access is an important indicator for vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change because of the increasingly large role of telecommunications in all aspects of life. Digital access allows individuals and communities to access information on changing weather patterns, current events, disasters and early warning systems, as well as general information on agriculture and markets to facilitate adaptation. Digital access is also important during all phases of disaster response. A high score on the Digital Access Index suggests reduced vulnerability and increased adaptive capacity to climate change. | |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| In the last few years, China has become the world's leading source of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and its emissions are growing rapidly. China now produces about one-fifth of annual global carbon dioxide emissions, just ahead of the United States. China's per capita emissions, however, are just one-quarter of U.S. levels due to its relatively large population and high rate of poverty. In 2006, for instance, the average American produced approximately 20 metric tons of carbon dioxide; the average Chinese produced just 5 metric tons. For another representation of this data, click here. | |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| Solar photovoltaic systems generate electricity using technologies that capture the energy in sunlight. Many parts of the United States—especially the Southwest—have abundant solar resources (see Figure 5, which shows estimates of the average daily total radiation for flat plate solar collectors). Before investing, however, firms should commission a thorough professional study of a specific site's solar resources. Even if it reveals lower or moderate resources, solar power could still be financially attractive, depending on financial incentives and regulatory context. Credit: National Renewable Energy Labs and WRI. | |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| Wind energy systems generate electricity by using turbines to capture the wind's energy. Many locations in the United States have good wind resources. Evaluating the quality of the wind resource at a specific site is critical to determining if it is suitable. Before making any investment decision, companies should commission a professional wind study, which evaluates the quality and consistency of a site's wind resource potential. Credit: National Renewable Energy Labs and WRI. | |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
| China's National Development and Reform Commission's "Top 1,000 Enterprises Program" is central to its efforts to reduce national energy intensity by 20 percent. Established in its current form in 2006, this program imposes a significant portion of the overall 20 percent energy intensity target directly on China's 1,000 largest state-owned enterprises, most of which are in heavy industry (see figure). In 2005 the enterprises in the program accounted for at least 33 percent of total primary energy demand and 47 percent of industrial energy demand. The program met its goals in the first year, achieving the full 20 percent of its five-year target and actually exceeded its targets in 2007. | |  Download Figure | Data and Citation |
Energia eólica: novo engenho português
Empresário português revoluciona indústria eólica
